Machine Guards and Amputation Hazards

One of the first facets of workplace safety to be regulated by OSHA  in 1971 was operating or maintaining industrial machinery due to the high risk of injury. In 2006, OSHA did a nationwide emphasis program on amputations surrounding the use of machines.   

Accidents resulting from machinery are common and often result in death or amputation. According to the Bureau of Labor and Statistics, each year approximately: 

• 18,000 incidents that result in amputation 
• 800 workers are killed from encountering objects and equipment 

Machine guarding accidents carry a distinct stigma, the knowledge that a worker's life was needlessly taken or will be irreversibly changed by the absence of a simple lock or piece of metal or plastic. Take the recent story of Kim Duong. Duong worked for the steel fabricating company John Crowley Inc. off and on for six years. He was well-known around the company, and revered for his work ethic and safe practices. 

  Duong was crushed by two six-hundred-pound machine guards earlier in the year. He was operating a shot blaster, a machine used clean, peen, or polished metal, when he climbed underneath the guards and bumped them causing the guards to fall. This story leaves questions unanswered, such as, were the guards properly installed if a slight bump could cause the two six hundred-pound guards to fall? Death is only one of the undesirable outcomes of machine-guarding accidents. Amputation is one of the most severe and crippling types of injuries a person can sustain, and it often results in permanent disability or mental trauma. These incidents occur more often when workers operate unguarded or inadequately safeguarded machinery. 

 Kina Repp is a woman who sustained an injury on her first day on the job that resulted in the amputation of her left arm. Her life was never the same and she had to adapt, and relearn basic skills and now helps promote worker safety, empowering employees to take responsibility themselves. Her message is awareness and education, urging those working in dangerous conditions to stay safe and assuring workers who have sustained amputations that their lives can be full and rich.  Repp exemplifies that you are only as limited in life as you believe yourself to be.

On the Lookout for Amputation Hazards

With proper training and protective measures, there's always a way to effectively use any machine.  OSHA defines an amputation hazard as any moving machine parts that have the potential to cause severe workplace injuries, such as crushed fingers, amputations, burns, or blindness. Amputation hazards fall under the arena of safety known as machine guarding because the best way to prevent these injuries is by adding safeguards to known hazards. As a general rule of thumb, whenever a machine uses reciprocating, rotating, and transverse moving parts, there's a high chance it is a hazard. Here are some more specific mechanical components that when exposed often create amputation hazards:

• Flywheels
• Pulleys
• Belts
• Chains
• Couplings
• Spindles
• Cams
• Gears
• Power Transmission Apparatuses

Some machines are labeled more dangerous than others, as they are the machines that create the highest risk of amputation. Here is a short list of some of the most prevalent machines that are at greater risk of  amputation: 

• Power Presses
• Power Press Brakes
• Powered and Non-powered Conveyors
• Printing Presses
• Roll-forming and Roll-bending Machines
• Food Slicers
• Meat Grinders
• Meat-cutting Band Saws
• Drill Presses
• Milling Machines
• Shears
• Grinders
• Slitters

These machines do not need to be operating to create a hazard. Often workers sustain injuries from improper cleaning or maintenance procedures. Lockout / Tagout is the best way to assure worker safety during maintenance and should always be present when machines create such serious hazards. It should also be noted that amputation hazards can be present, even when large machinery is not used. There is a connection between amputations and material handling activities, such as the presence of forklifts, or the use of handheld power tools. 

En Garde

User-Built vs. Producer-Built Guard

The most efficient way to reduce and eliminate amputation hazards is through machine guarding. Guards designed and installed by the machine producer are always preferred because they fit the exact design and function of the machine. User-built guards are sometimes necessary but can have some advantages.  

User-built guards are the only practical solution with older machinery, due to the mechanical power transmission apparatuses in older plants. User-built guards can be designed and built to fit unique and changing situations and can be installed to eliminate specific hazards that present issues. When workers are aware of the design and how the machine guard is, they gain a better knowledge of those guards and how they work. 

 There are some disadvantages. User-built guards might not conform well to the machine, or be effective and might be poorly designed or built. Always consult the manufacturer, even when building a machine guard yourself, to ensure that you aren't overlooking any potential hazard, or creating a new one. 

Guards are constructed from metal, plastic, and wood. In many circumstances, because of its strength, durability, and longevity, metal is the best material for guards. Plastic guards are primarily used when higher machine visibility is required. Guards made of wood are not compliant in most cases because of wood's flammability, lack of strength, and often flimsy nature. Wood guards are only preferred in industries that utilize chemicals, gases, or vapors where manufacturing conditions would quickly deteriorate metal guards. Wood guards also may be used in construction work and in outdoor locations where extreme cold makes metal guards undesirable.  

Types of Safeguards

Safeguards can be grouped under four general classifications: 

• Fixed guards- Permanent parts of a machine, these guards are preferable because they're simple and permanent. 
• Interlocking Barrier Guards- Automatically shuts off or disengages a machine through a tripping mechanism or power when the guard is opened or removed. 
• Adjustable guards- Useful because they accommodate various sizes of stock. 
• Self-adjusting guards- Allows the opening of the barrier to be determined by the stock. As the operator moves the stock into the danger area, the guard is pushed away, allowing entrance 

Here is a table for quick reference when deciding what type of guard to use at your facility:

Prevent Catastrophic Accidents

 It is the safety manager’s responsibility to keep the workplace free from accident hazards.  Download your free copy of our Guide to Lockout/Tagout to help educate your employees about the importance of proper maintenance processes.

Want to learn more about how to be compliant with OSHA signage? Duralabel’s free OSHA Safety Signs Instant Action Guide helps you create OSHA/ANSI-compliant safety signs. The free guide helps readers understand the appropriate regulations and standards and improve safety and efficiency. Request your free OSHA Safety Signs Instant Action Guide. 

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